19. Management of Refractory Anaphylaxis: An Overview of Current Guidelines

What is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis in most guidelines?

True or False: Intravenous (IV) adrenaline is recommended for initial anaphylaxis treatment in community settings.

What is the recommended second-line vasopressor for persistent hypotension during refractory anaphylaxis (RA) according to most guidelines?

True or False: Fluid therapy is a critical part of RA management due to the risk of hypovolemia.

Which of the following factors is not typically included in the definition of refractory anaphylaxis?

Which second-line treatment is recommended for patients with RA who are on beta-blockers?

True or False: Methylene blue is commonly used as a second-line treatment for RA in most guidelines.

What volume of fluid therapy is recommended for initial resuscitation in RA?

Which guideline recommends using ECLS (extracorporeal life support) as a potential rescue therapy in severe RA cases?

What is a major concern with the use of IV adrenaline in RA management?

True or False: High doses of intravenous crystalloids are often necessary in RA due to capillary leakage.

What is the estimated rate of refractory anaphylaxis based on data from the European Anaphylaxis Registry?

What is the recommended treatment for RA if adrenaline and fluid therapy are insufficient to restore hemodynamic stability?

What is the most common cause of refractory anaphylaxis in the perioperative setting?

What is the main reason for underuse of adrenaline in anaphylaxis management?