24. Prehospital guidelines on in-water traumatic spinal injuries for lifeguards and prehospital emergency medical services: an international Delphi consensus study

What is the primary concern when handling a patient face-down in the water with suspected spinal cord injury?

True or False: Lifeguards are always required to apply spinal motion restriction in drowning cases.

What factor should lifeguards assess before attempting a water rescue involving suspected spinal injuries?

Which method should be used to assess an altered level of consciousness in patients with suspected in-water TSCI?

True or False: Spinal motion restriction should always be performed if the patient is suspected of spinal injury.

What should lifeguards do when they suspect in-water spinal cord injury and cannot perform spinal motion restriction?

In which conditions is it unsafe to attempt spinal motion restriction in the water?

Which cervical spine levels are most commonly affected by in-water TSCI?

True or False: Spinal motion restriction should always be performed with at least three lifeguards.

Which patient population is most commonly affected by in-water TSCI?

Which of the following should be considered when performing a rescue in challenging aquatic environments?

What should be the priority when rescuing an unconscious patient from water?

What should be used to perform in-water extrication of a patient with suspected TSCI?

Which of the following should lifeguards do first when encountering a face-down victim in water?

What percentage of neurological injuries such as paralysis can occur in in-water TSCI?